Urmia Dynasties حكمرانان اروميه

Dynasty I (Amorite), 1894–1595 BC

Per BKLb, the native name for this dynasty was simply palû Babili (‘dynasty of Babylon’).^[65] To differentiate it from the other dynasties that later ruled Babylon, modern historians often refer to this dynasty as the ‘First Dynasty of Babylon’.^[65] Some historians refer to this dynasty as the ‘Amorite dynasty’^[66] on account of the kings being of Amorite descent.^[67]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Sumu-abum[c]	Šumu-abum	c. 1894 BC	c. 1881 BC	First king of Babylon in BKLa and BKLb	[69]
Sumu-la-El	Šumu-la-El	c. 1880 BC	c. 1845 BC	Unclear succession	[69]
Sabium	Sabūm	c. 1844 BC	c. 1831 BC	Son of Sumu-la-El	[69]
Apil-Sin	Apil-Sîn	c. 1830 BC	c. 1813 BC	Son of Sabium	[69]
Sin-Muballit	Sîn-Muballit	c. 1812 BC	c. 1793 BC	Son of Apil-Sin	[69]
Hammurabi	Ḫammu-rāpi	c. 1792 BC	c. 1750 BC	Son of Sin-Muballit	[69]
Samsu-iluna	Šamšu-iluna	c. 1749 BC	c. 1712 BC	Son of Hammurabi	[69]
Abi-Eshuh	Abī-Ešuḫ	c. 1711 BC	c. 1684 BC	Son of Samsu-iluna	[69]
Ammi-Ditana	Ammi-ditāna	c. 1683 BC	c. 1647 BC	Son of Abi-Eshuh	[69]
Ammi-Saduqa	Ammi-Saduqa	c. 1646 BC	c. 1626 BC	Son of Ammi-Ditana	[69]
Samsu-Ditana	Šamšu-ditāna	c. 1625 BC	c. 1595 BC	Son of Ammi-Saduqa	[69]

Dynasty II (1st Sealand), 1725–1475 BC

Both BKLa and BKLb refer to this dynasty as palû Urukug (‘dynasty of Urukug’). Presumably, the city of Urukug was the dynasty’s point of origin. Some literary sources refer to some of the kings of this dynasty as ‘kings of the Sealand’, and thus modern historians refer to it as a dynasty of the Sealand. The designation as the first Sealand dynasty differentiates it from Dynasty V, which the Babylonians actually referred to as a ‘dynasty of the Sealand’.^[65] This dynasty overlaps with Dynasty I and Dynasty III, with these kings actually ruling the region south of Babylon (the Sealand) rather than Babylon itself.^[22] For instance, the king Gulkishar of this dynasty was actually a contemporary of Dynasty I’s last king, Samsu-Ditana.^[70] It is possible that the dynasty was included in Babylon’s dynastic history by later scribes either because it controlled Babylon for a time, because it controlled or strongly influenced parts of Babylonia or because it was the most stable power of its time in Babylonia.^[71] The dates listed below are highly uncertain, and follow the timespan listed for the dynasty in Beaulieu (2018), c. 1725–1475 BC, with the individual dates based the lengths of the reigns of the kings, also as given by Beaulieu (2018).^[72]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Ilum-ma-ili	Ilum-ma-ilī	c. 1725 BC	??	Unclear succession	[73]
Itti-ili-nibi	Itti-ili-nībī	??		Unclear succession	[73]
…[d]	— [e]	??		Unclear succession	[74]
Damqi-ilishu	Damqi-ilišu	[26 years(?)]		Unclear succession	[73]
Ishkibal	Iškibal	[15 years]		Unclear succession	[73]
Shushushi	Šušši	[24 years]		Brother of Ishkibal	[73]
Gulkishar	Gulkišar	[55 years]		Unclear succession	[73]
mDIŠ-U-EN[f]	[Uncertain reading]	??		Unclear succession	[73]
Peshgaldaramesh	Pešgaldarameš	c. 1599 BC	c. 1549 BC	Son of Gulkishar	[73]
Ayadaragalama	Ayadaragalama	c. 1548 BC	c. 1520 BC	Son of Peshgaldaramesh	[73]
Akurduana	Akurduana	c. 1519 BC	c. 1493 BC	Unclear succession	[73]
Melamkurkurra	Melamkurkurra	c. 1492 BC	c. 1485 BC	Unclear succession	[73]
Ea-gamil	Ea-gamil	c. 1484 BC	c. 1475 BC	Unclear succession	[73]

Dynasty III (Kassite), 1729–1155 BC

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Gandash	Gandaš	c. 1729 BC	c. 1704 BC	Unclear succession	[77]
Agum I	Agum	c. 1703 BC	c. 1682 BC	Son of Gandash	[77]
Kashtiliash I	Kaštiliašu	c. 1681 BC	c. 1660 BC	Son of Agum I	[77]
…[g]	— [h]	c. 1659 BC	??	Unclear succession	[77]
Abi-Rattash	Abi-Rattaš	??		Son of Kashtiliash I	[79]
Kashtiliash II	Kaštiliašu	??		Unclear succession	[79]
Urzigurumash	Ur-zigurumaš	??		Descendant of Abi-Rattash (?)[i]	[79]
Agum II[j]	Agum-Kakrime	??		Son of Urzigurumash	[79]
Harba-Shipak	Ḫarba-Šipak	??		Unclear succession	[79]
Shipta’ulzi	Šipta’ulzi	??		Unclear succession	[79]
…[k]	— [l]	??		Unclear succession	[81]
Burnaburiash I	Burna-Buriaš	c. 1530 BC	c. 1500 BC	Unclear succession, earliest Kassite ruler confidently attested as ruling Babylon itself	[82]
Ulamburiash	Ulam-Buriaš	[c. 1475 BC]		Son of Burnaburiash I (?), reunified Babylonia through defeating Ea-gamil, the last king of the first Sealand dynasty	[83]
Kashtiliash III	Kaštiliašu	??		Son of Burnaburiash I (?)	[79]
Agum III	Agum	??		Son of Kashtiliash III	[79]
Kadashman-Sah[m]	Kadašman-Šaḥ	??		Unclear succession, co-ruler with Agum III?	[85]
Karaindash	Karaindaš	[c. 1415 BC]		Unclear succession	[79]
Kadashman-Harbe I	Kadašman-Ḫarbe	[c. 1400 BC]		Son of Karaindash (?)	[86]
Kurigalzu I	Kuri-Galzu	??		Son of Kadashman-harbe I	[79]
Kadashman-Enlil I	Kadašman-Enlil	c. 1374 BC	c. 1360 BC	Son of Kurigalzu I (?)[n]	[79]
Burnaburiash II	Burna-Buriaš	c. 1359 BC	c. 1333 BC	Son of Kadashman-Enlil I (?)	[79]
Kara-hardash	Kara-ḫardaš	c. 1333 BC	c. 1333 BC	Son of Burnaburiash II (?)	[79]
Nazi-Bugash	Nazi-Bugaš	c. 1333 BC	c. 1333 BC	Usurper, unrelated to other kings	[79]
Kurigalzu II	Kuri-Galzu	c. 1332 BC	c. 1308 BC	Son of Burnaburiash II	[79]
Nazi-Maruttash	Nazi-Maruttaš	c. 1307 BC	c. 1282 BC	Son of Kurigalzu II	[79]
Kadashman-Turgu	Kadašman-Turgu	c. 1281 BC	c. 1264 BC	Son of Nazi-Maruttash	[79]
Kadashman-Enlil II	Kadašman-Enlil	c. 1263 BC	c. 1255 BC	Son of Kadashman-Turgu	[79]
Kudur-Enlil	Kudur-Enlil	c. 1254 BC	c. 1246 BC	Son of Kadashman-Enlil II	[79]
Shagarakti-Shuriash	Šagarakti-Šuriaš	c. 1245 BC	c. 1233 BC	Son of Kudur-Enlil	[79]
Kashtiliash IV	Kaštiliašu	c. 1232 BC	c. 1225 BC	Son of Shagarakti-Shuriash	[79]
Enlil-nadin-shumi[o]	Enlil-nādin-šumi	c. 1224 BC	c. 1224 BC	Unclear succession	[79]
Kadashman-Harbe II[o]	Kadašman-Ḫarbe	c. 1223 BC	c. 1223 BC	Unclear succession	[79]
Adad-shuma-iddina[o]	Adad-šuma-iddina	c. 1222 BC	c. 1217 BC	Unclear succession	[79]
Adad-shuma-usur	Adad-šuma-uṣur	c. 1216 BC	c. 1187 BC	Son of Kashtiliash IV (?)	[79]
Meli-Shipak	Meli-Šipak	c. 1186 BC	c. 1172 BC	Son of Adad-shuma-usur	[79]
Marduk-apla-iddina I	Marduk-apla-iddina	c. 1171 BC	c. 1159 BC	Son of Meli-Shipak	[79]
Zababa-shuma-iddin	Zababa-šuma-iddina	c. 1158 BC	c. 1158 BC	Unclear succession	[79]
Enlil-nadin-ahi	Enlil-nādin-aḫe	c. 1157 BC	c. 1155 BC	Unclear succession	[79]

Dynasty IV (2nd Isin), 1153–1022 BC[edit]

Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was palû Ishin (‘dynasty of Isin’). Presumably, the city of Isin was the dynasty’s point of origin. Modern historians refer to this dynasty as the second dynasty of Isin to differentiate it from the ancient Sumerian dynasty of Isin.^[65] Previous scholarship assumed that the first king of this dynasty, Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, ruled for the first years of his reign concurrently with the last Kassite king, but recent research suggests that this was not the case. This list follows the revised chronology of the kings of this dynasty, per Beaulieu (2018), which also means revising the dates of subsequent dynasties.^[89]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu	Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu	c. 1153 BC	c. 1136 BC	Unclear succession	[90]
Itti-Marduk-balatu	Itti-Marduk-balāṭu	c. 1135 BC	c. 1128 BC	Son of Marduk-kabit-ahheshu	[90]
Ninurta-nadin-shumi	Ninurta-nādin-šumi	c. 1127 BC	c. 1122 BC	Relative of Itti-Marduk-balatu (?)[p]	[90]
Nebuchadnezzar I	Nabû-kudurri-uṣur	c. 1121 BC	c. 1100 BC	Son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi	[90]
Enlil-nadin-apli	Enlil-nādin-apli	c. 1099 BC	c. 1096 BC	Son of Nebuchadnezzar I	[90]
Marduk-nadin-ahhe	Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē	c. 1095 BC	c. 1078 BC	Son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi, usurped the throne from Enlil-nadin-apli	[90]
Marduk-shapik-zeri	Marduk-šāpik-zēri	c. 1077 BC	c. 1065 BC	Son of Marduk-nadin-ahhe (?)[q]	[90]
Adad-apla-iddina	Adad-apla-iddina	c. 1064 BC	c. 1043 BC	Usurper, unrelated to previous kings	[93]
Marduk-ahhe-eriba	Marduk-aḫḫē-erība	c. 1042 BC	c. 1042 BC	Unclear succession	[90]
Marduk-zer-X	Marduk-zēra-[—][r]	c. 1041 BC	c. 1030 BC	Unclear succession	[90]
Nabu-shum-libur	Nabû-šumu-libūr	c. 1029 BC	c. 1022 BC	Unclear succession	[90]

Dynasty V (2nd Sealand), 1021–1001 BC[edit]

Per BKLa, the native name of this dynasty was palû tamti (‘dynasty of the Sealand’). Modern historians call it the second Sealand dynasty in order to distinguish it from Dynasty II.^[65]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Simbar-shipak	Simbar-Šipak	c. 1021 BC	c. 1004 BC	Probably of Kassite descent, unclear succession	[95]
Ea-mukin-zeri	Ea-mukin-zēri	c. 1004 BC	c. 1004 BC	Probably of Kassite descent (Bit-Hashmar clan), usurped the throne from Simbar-Shipak	[95]
Kashshu-nadin-ahi	Kaššu-nādin-aḫi	c. 1003 BC	c. 1001 BC	Probably of Kassite descent, son of Simbar-shipak (?)	[95]

Dynasty VI (Bazi), 1000–981 BC[edit]

BKLa refers to this dynasty as palû Bazu (‘dynasty of Baz’) and the Dynastic Chronicle calls it palû Bīt-Bazi (‘dynasty of Bit-Bazi’). The Bit-Bazi were a clan attested already in the Kassite period. It is likely that the dynasty derives its name either from the city of Baz, or from descent from Bazi, the legendary founder of that city.^[96]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Eulmash-shakin-shumi	Eulmaš-šākin-šumi	c. 1000 BC	c. 984 BC	Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), unclear succession	[95]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur I	Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur	c. 983 BC	c. 981 BC	Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), unclear succession	[95]
Shirikti-shuqamuna	Širikti-šuqamuna	c. 981 BC	c. 981 BC	Possibly of Kassite descent (Bit-Bazi clan), brother of Ninurta-kudurri-usur I	[95]

Dynasty VII (Elamite), 980–975 BC[edit]

BKLa dynastically separates Mar-biti-apla-usur from other kings with horizontal lines, marking him as belonging to a dynasty of his own. The Dynastic Chronicle also groups him by himself, and refers to his dynasty (containing only him) as the palû Elamtu (‘dynasty of Elam’).^[97]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Mar-biti-apla-usur	Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur	c. 980 BC	c. 975 BC	Described as having Elamite ancestry, unclear succession	[95]

Dynasty VIII (E), 974–732 BC

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Nabu-mukin-apli	Nabû-mukin-apli	c. 974 BC	c. 939 BC	Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II	Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur	c. 939 BC	c. 939 BC	Babylonian, son of Nabu-mukin-apli	[99]
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina	Mār-bῑti-aḫḫē-idinna	c. 938 BC	??	Babylonian, son of Nabu-mukin-apli	[99]
Shamash-mudammiq	Šamaš-mudammiq	??	c. 901 BC[s]	Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]
Nabu-shuma-ukin I	Nabû-šuma-ukin	c. 900 BC[s]	c. 887 BC[t]	Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]
Nabu-apla-iddina	Nabû-apla-iddina	c. 886 BC[t]	c. 853 BC[t]	Babylonian, son of Nabu-shuma-ukin I	[99]
Marduk-zakir-shumi I	Marduk-zâkir-šumi	c. 852 BC[t][u]	c. 825 BC[u]	Babylonian, son of Nabu-apla-iddina	[99]
Marduk-balassu-iqbi	Marduk-balāssu-iqbi	c. 824 BC[u]	813 BC[v]	Babylonian, son of Marduk-zakir-shumi I	[99]
Baba-aha-iddina	Bāba-aḫa-iddina	813 BC[v]	812 BC[v]	Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]
Babylonian interregnum (at least four years)[w][x]
Ninurta-apla-X	Ninurta-apla-[—][y]	??		Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]
Marduk-bel-zeri	Marduk-bēl-zēri	??		Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]
Marduk-apla-usur	Marduk-apla-uṣur	??	c. 769 BC[z]	Chaldean chief of an uncertain tribe, unclear succession	[99]
Eriba-Marduk	Erība-Marduk	c. 769 BC[z]	c. 760 BC[z]	Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, unclear succession	[99]
Nabu-shuma-ishkun	Nabû-šuma-iškun	c. 760 BC[z]	748 BC	Chaldean chief of the Bit-Dakkuri tribe, unclear succession	[99]
Nabonassar	Nabû-nāṣir	748 BC	734 BC	Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]
Nabu-nadin-zeri	Nabû-nādin-zēri	734 BC	732 BC	Babylonian, son of Nabonassar	[99]
Nabu-shuma-ukin II	Nabû-šuma-ukin	732 BC	732 BC	Babylonian, unclear succession	[99]

note: Babylonian King List A records the names of 17 kings of the dynasty of E, but it states afterwards that the dynasty comprised 22 kings. The discrepancy might be explainable as a scribal error, but it is also possible that there were further kings in the sequence. The list is broken at critical points, and it is possible that five additional kings, whose names thus do not survive, could be inserted between the end of the Babylonian interregnum and the reign of Ninurta-apla-X.^[106] Lists of Babylonian rulers by modern historians tend to list Ninurta-apla-X as the first king to rule after Baba-aha-iddina’s deposition.^[99]

Dynasty IX (Assyrian), 732–626 BC[edit]

‘Dynasty IX’ is used to, broadly speaking, refer to the rulers of Babylonia during the time it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, including Assyrian kings of both the Adaside dynasty and the subsequent Sargonid dynasty, as well as various non-dynastic vassal and rebel kings. They are often grouped together as a dynasty by modern scholars as BKLa does not use lines to separate the rulers, used elsewhere in the list to separate dynasties.^[22] BKLa also assigns individual dynastic labels to some of the kings, though thus not in the same fashion as is done for the more concrete earlier dynasties.^[22] The palê designation associated with each king (they are recorded in the list up until Mushezib-Marduk) is included in the table below and follows Fales (2014).^[107]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	palê	Succession	Ref
Nabu-mukin-zeri	Nabû-mukin-zēri	732 BC	729 BC	palê Šapî ‘Dynasty of Shapi’	Chaldean chief of the Bit-Amukkani tribe, usurped the throne	[108]
Tiglath-Pileser III	Tukultī-apil-Ešarra	729 BC	727 BC	palê Baltil ‘Dynasty of [Assur]’	King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — conquered Babylon	[108]
Shalmaneser V	Salmānu-ašarēd	727 BC	722 BC		King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Tiglath-Pileser III	[108]
Marduk-apla-iddina II (First reign)	Marduk-apla-iddina	722 BC	710 BC	palê Tamti ‘Dynasty of the Sealand’	Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, proclaimed king upon Shalmaneser V’s death	[108]
Sargon II	Šarru-kīn	710 BC	705 BC	palê Ḫabigal ‘Dynasty of [Hanigalbat]’	King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Tiglath-Pileser III (?)	[108]
Sennacherib (First reign)	Sîn-ahhe-erība	705 BC	703 BC		King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Sargon II	[108]
Marduk-zakir-shumi II	Marduk-zâkir-šumi	703 BC	703 BC	A Arad-Ea ‘Son [descendant] of Arad-Ea’	Babylonian rebel of the Arad-Ea family, rebel king	[108]
Marduk-apla-iddina II (Second reign)	Marduk-apla-iddina	703 BC	703 BC	ERÍN Ḫabi ‘Soldier of [Hanigalbat?]’	Chaldean chief of the Bit-Yakin tribe, retook the throne	[108]
Bel-ibni	Bel-ibni	703 BC	700 BC	palê E ‘Dynasty of E’	Babylonian vassal king of the Rab-bānî family, appointed by Sennacherib	[108]
Ashur-nadin-shumi	Aššur-nādin-šumi	700 BC	694 BC	palê Ḫabigal ‘Dynasty of [Hanigalbat]’	Son of Sennacherib, appointed as vassal king by his father	[108]
Nergal-ushezib	Nergal-ušezib	694 BC	693 BC	palê E ‘Dynasty of E’	Babylonian rebel of the Gaḫal kin family, rebel king	[108]
Mushezib-Marduk	Mušezib-Marduk	693 BC	689 BC		Chaldean chief of the Bit-Dakkuri tribe, rebel king	[108]
Sennacherib[aa] (Second reign)	Sîn-ahhe-erība	689 BC	20 October 681 BC	King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — retook Babylon		[112]
Esarhaddon	Aššur-aḫa-iddina	December 681 BC	1 November 669 BC	King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Sennacherib		[113]
Ashurbanipal[ab] (First reign)	Aššur-bāni-apli	1 November 669 BC	March 668 BC	King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Esarhaddon		[109]
Shamash-shum-ukin	Šamaš-šuma-ukin	March 668 BC	648 BC	Son of Esarhaddon, designated by his father as heir to Babylon, invested as vassal king by Ashurbanipal		[109]
Ashurbanipal[ac] (Second reign)	Aššur-bāni-apli	648 BC	646 BC	King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — retook Babylon after rebellion by Shamash-shum-ukin		[115]
Kandalanu	Kandalānu	647 BC	627 BC	Appointed as vassal king by Ashurbanipal		[109]
Sin-shumu-lishir[ad]	Sîn-šumu-līšir	626 BC	626 BC	Usurper in the Neo-Assyrian Empire — recognised in Babylonia		[109]
Sinsharishkun[ad]	Sîn-šar-iškun	626 BC	626 BC	King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire — son of Ashurbanipal		[109]

Dynasty X (Chaldean), 626–539 BC[edit]

The native name for this dynasty does not appear in any sources, as the kings of Dynasty X are only listed in king lists made during the Hellenistic period, when the concept of dynasties ceased being used by Babylonians chronographers to describe Babylonian history. Modern historians typically refer to the dynasty as the ‘Neo-Babylonian dynasty’, as these kings ruled the Neo-Babylonian Empire, or the ‘Chaldean dynasty’, after the presumed ethnic origin of the royal line.^[22] The Dynastic Chronicle, a later document, refers to Nabonidus as the founder and only king of the ‘dynasty of Harran’ (palê Ḫarran), and may also indicate a dynastic change with Neriglissar’s accession, but much of the text is fragmentary.^[117][118]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Nabopolassar	Nabû-apla-uṣur	22/23 November 626 BC	July 605 BC	Babylonian rebel, defeated Sinsharishkun	[119]
Nebuchadnezzar II	Nabû-kudurri-uṣur	August 605 BC	7 October 562 BC	Son of Nabopolassar	[119]
Amel-Marduk	Amēl-Marduk	7 October 562 BC	August 560 BC	Son of Nebuchadnezzar II	[119]
Neriglissar	Nergal-šar-uṣur	August 560 BC	April 556 BC	Son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II, usurped the throne	[119]
Labashi-Marduk	Lâbâši-Marduk	April 556 BC	June 556 BC	Son of Neriglissar	[119]
Nabonidus	Nabû-naʾid	25 May 556 BC	13 October 539 BC	Son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II (?), usurped the throne	[120]

Babylon under foreign rule, 539 BC – AD 224[edit]

The concept of dynasties ceased being used in king-lists made after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, meaning that the native Babylonian designations for the ruling dynasties of the foreign empires that succeeded the Chaldean kings are unknown.^[22]

Urartu early kings[edit]

• Arame (also Aramu, Arama) 858 BC–844 BC
• Lutipri 844 BC–834 BC (?)

Rise to power[edit]

• Sarduri I (also Sarduris I, Sedur I, Asiduri I) 834 BC–828 BC; known in Assyrian sources as Ishtarduri, moved the capital to Tushpa, expanded the fortress of Van, possibly established new dynasty.
• Ishpuini (also Ishpuinis, Ispuini) the Establisher 828 BC–810 BC; expanded the empire and conquered Musasir.
• Menua (also Menuas, Minua) the Conqueror 810 BC–785 BC; initially ruled jointly with his father Ishpuini and later jointly ruled with his son, Inushpua, greatly expanded the kingdom, organized the centralized administrative structure, fortified a number of cities and founded fortresses, developed a national canal and irrigation system.
• Inushpua 788–786 BC (?); co-ruled with his father, Menua. Possibly killed in battle.
• Argishti I (also Argishtis I, Argishtish I, Argisti I) 785–763 BC; fortified the empire’s frontier, founded Erebuni (modern-day Yerevan).
• Sarduri II 763 BC–735 BC; maximum expansion; zenith of Urartian power.
• Rusa I (also Rusas, Ursa) 735 BC–714 BC; Assyrian and Cimmerian attacks.
• Melartua (714) briefly served as king after his father’s defeat, subsequently killed by Urartian nobles
• Argishti II 714–680 BC
• Rusa II (known to Assyrian king as Yaya or Iaya) 680 BC–639 BC
• Sarduri III 639 BC–635 BC

Decline[edit]

• Erimena 635–629 BC (?)
• Rusa III 629 BC–590 BC or 629 BC–615 BC

Defeat and destruction[edit]

• Sarduri IV 615 BC–595 BC
• Rusa IV 595 BC–585 BC; raids of Medes and Scythians. Assyrians King Tiglath-Pileser III destroyed castle of Rusa, which has been recently discovered under Lake Van, Turkey. Archaeologists also discovered jars that once contained wheat, oil and wine, in the ruins of a castle the Turks call “Chavez Tepe”, built by Uzira Sardouri II (ruled: 764–735 BC). Each buried jar with oriface covered with wedge engraved ceramic lids can hold 300 kg.^[1]

Dynasty XI (Achaemenid), 539–331 BC[edit]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Cyrus II the Great	Kuraš	29 October 539 BC	August 530 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — conquered Babylon	[121]
Cambyses II	Kambuzīa	August 530 BC	April 522 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Cyrus II	[121]
Bardiya	Barzia	April/May 522 BC	29 September 522 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Cyrus II or an impostor	[121]
Nebuchadnezzar III	Nabû-kudurri-uṣur	3 October 522 BC	December 522 BC	Babylonian rebel of the Zazakku family, claimed to be a son of Nabonidus	[122]
Darius I the Great (First reign)	Dariamuš	December 522 BC	25 August 521 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — distant relative of Cyrus II	[121]
Nebuchadnezzar IV	Nabû-kudurri-uṣur	25 August 521 BC	27 November 521 BC	Babylonian rebel of Armenian descent, claimed to be a son of Nabonidus	[123]
Darius I the Great (Second reign)	Dariamuš	27 November 521 BC	November 486 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — retook Babylon	[121]
Xerxes I the Great (First reign)	Aḥšiaršu	November 486 BC	July 484 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Darius I	[121]
Shamash-eriba	Šamaš-eriba	July 484 BC	October 484 BC	Babylonian rebel	[124]
Bel-shimanni	Bêl-šimânni	July 484 BC	August 484 BC	Babylonian rebel	[124]
Xerxes I the Great (Second reign)	Aḥšiaršu	October 484 BC	465 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — retook Babylon	[121]
Artaxerxes I	Artakšatsu	465 BC	December 424 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Xerxes I	[121]
Xerxes II	— [ae]	424 BC	424 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes I	[121]
Sogdianus	— [ae]	424 BC	423 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — illegitimate son of Artaxerxes I	[121]
Darius II	Dariamuš	February 423 BC	c. April 404 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — illegitimate son of Artaxerxes I	[121]
Artaxerxes II	Artakšatsu	c. April 404 BC	359/358 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Darius II	[121]
Artaxerxes III	Artakšatsu	359/358 BC	338 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes II	[121]
Artaxerxes IV	Artakšatsu	338 BC	336 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — son of Artaxerxes III	[121]
Nidin-Bel	Nidin-Bêl	336 BC	336/335 BC	Babylonian rebel (?), attested only in the Uruk King List, alternatively a scribal error	[125]
Darius III	Dariamuš	336/335 BC	October 331 BC	King of the Achaemenid Empire — grandson of Artaxerxes II	[121]

Dynasty XII (Argead), 331–305 BC[edit]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Alexander III the Great	Aliksandar	October 331 BC	11 June 323 BC	King of Macedon — conquered the Achaemenid Empire	[126]
Philip III Arrhidaeus	Pilipsu	11 June 323 BC	317 BC[af]	King of Macedon — brother of Alexander III	[128]
Antigonus I Monophthalmus[ag]	Antigunusu	317 BC	309/308 BC	King of the Antigonid Empire — general (Diadochus) of Alexander III	[131]
Alexander IV	Aliksandar	316 BC	310 BC[ah]	King of Macedon — son of Alexander III	[133]

Dynasty XIII (Seleucid), 305–141 BC[edit]

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Seleucus I Nicator	Siluku	305 BC[ai]	September 281 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — general (Diadochus) of Alexander III	[133]
Antiochus I Soter	Antiʾukusu	294 BC[aj]	2 June 261 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus I	[135]
Seleucus[ak]	Siluku	281 BC	266 BC	Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus I	[136]
Antiochus II Theos	Antiʾukusu	266 BC[aj]	July 246 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus I	[135]
Seleucus II Callinicus	Siluku	July 246 BC	225 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus II	[135]
Seleucus III Ceraunus	Siluku	225 BC	223 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus II	[137]
Antiochus III the Great	Antiʾukusu	223 BC	3 July 187 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus II	[137]
Antiochus[al]	Antiʾukusu	210 BC	192 BC	Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III	[139]
Seleucus IV Philopator	Siluku	189 BC[aj]	3 September 175 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III	[140]
Antiochus IV Epiphanes	Antiʾukusu	3 September 175 BC	164 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus III	[141]
Antiochus[al]	Antiʾukusu	175 BC	170 BC	Joint-king of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus IV	[142]
Antiochus V Eupator	Antiʾukusu	164 BC	162 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Antiochus IV	[143]
Demetrius I Soter (First reign)	Dimitri	c. January 161 BC[am]	c. January 161 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Seleucus IV	[145]
Timarchus	— [an]	c. January 161 BC[ao]	c. May 161 BC[ao]	Rebel satrap (vassal governor) under the Seleucids — captured and briefly ruled Babylonia	[146]
Demetrius I Soter (Second reign)	Dimitri	c. May 161 BC	150 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — reconquered Babylonia	[147]
Alexander Balas	Aliksandar	150 BC	146 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — supposedly son of Antiochus IV	[148]
Demetrius II Nicator	Dimitri	146 BC	141 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Demetrius I	[149]

Dynasty XIV (Arsacid), 141 BC – AD 224

King	Akkadian	Reigned from	Reigned until	Succession	Ref
Mithridates I	Aršakâ[ap]	141 BC	132 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — conquered Babylonia	[155]
Phraates II (First reign)	Aršakâ	132 BC	July 130 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates I	[156]
Rinnu[aq]	Ri-[—]-nu[ar]	132 BC	July 130 BC	Mother and regent for Phraates II, who was a minor at the time of his accession	[156]
Antiochus VII Sidetes	Antiʾukusu	July 130 BC	November 129 BC	King of the Seleucid Empire — son of Demetrius I, conquered Babylonia	[159]
Phraates II (Second reign)	Aršakâ	November 129 BC	128/127 BC[as]	King of the Parthian Empire — reconquered Babylonia	[161]
Ubulna[at]	Ubulna	November 129 BC	128/127 BC	Unclear identity, associated with Phraates II – probably his queen	[161]
Hyspaosines	Aspasinē	128/127 BC[as]	November 127 BC	King of Characene — captured Babylon in the wake of Antiochus VII Sidetes’s campaign	[162]
Artabanus I	Aršakâ	November 127 BC	124 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — brother of Mithridates I, conquered Babylonia	[163]
Mithridates II	Aršakâ	124 BC	91 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus I	[164]
Gotarzes I	Aršakâ	91 BC	80 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates II	[165]
Asi’abatar[at]	Aši’abatum	91 BC	80 BC	Wife (queen) of Gotarzes I	[165]
Orodes I	Aršakâ	80 BC	75 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Mithridates II or Gotarzes I	[166]
Ispubarza[at]	Isbubarzâ	80 BC	75 BC	Sister-wife (queen) of Orodes I	[167]
Sinatruces	Aršakâ	75 BC	69 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son or brother of Mithridates I	[168]
Phraates III	Aršakâ	69 BC	57 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Sinatruces	[169]
Piriustana[at]	Piriustanâ	69 BC	??	Wife (queen) of Phraates III	[170]
Teleuniqe[at]	Ṭeleuniqê	??	57 BC	Wife (queen) of Phraates III	[170]
Orodes II	Aršakâ	57 BC	38 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates III	[171]
Phraates IV	Aršakâ	38 BC	2 BC	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Orodes II	[172]
Phraates V[au]	Aršakâ	2 BC	AD 4	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV	[173]
Orodes III	Aršakâ	AD 4	AD 6	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV (?)	[174]
Vonones I	Aršakâ	AD 6	AD 12	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Phraates IV	[175]
Artabanus II	Aršakâ	AD 12	AD 38	King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Phraates IV (?)	[176]
Vardanes I	Aršakâ	AD 38	AD 46	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus II	[176]
Gotarzes II	Aršakâ	AD 38	AD 51	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Artabanus II	[176]
Vonones II	Aršakâ	AD 51	AD 51	King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Phraates IV (?)	[177]
Vologases I	Aršakâ	AD 51	AD 78	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vonones II or Artabanus II	[155]
Pacorus II	Aršakâ	AD 78	AD 110	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases I	[178]
Artabanus III[av]	Aršakâ	AD 79/80	AD 81	Rival king of the Parthian Empire (against Pacorus II) — son of Vologases I	[179]
Osroes I	— [aw]	AD 109	AD 129	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Pacorus II	[180]
Vologases III	— [aw]	AD 110	AD 147	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Pacorus II	[181]
Parthamaspates	— [aw]	AD 116	AD 117	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Osroes I	[182]
Vologases IV	— [aw]	AD 147	AD 191	King of the Parthian Empire — grandson of Pacorus II	[182]
Vologases V	— [aw]	AD 191	AD 208	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases IV	[183]
Vologases VI	— [aw]	AD 208	AD 216/228	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases V	[184]
Artabanus IV	— [aw]	AD 216	AD 224	King of the Parthian Empire — son of Vologases V	[185]

 

Median Dynasty (678–549 BC)

Portrait	Name	Family relations	Reign	Notes
Median Kingdom (678 BC–549 BC)
	Deioces		700–647 BC	First known ruler of Media
	Phraortes	Son of Deioces	647–625 BC
Scythian rule (624–597 BC)
	Cyaxares	Son of Phraortes	624–585 BC	The dynasty of the Median kings was known as Cyaxarid dynasty, named after him or a pre-Deicoes king.[1]
	Astyages	Son of Cyaxares	585–549 BC	Last king of the Medes

Achaemenid Kingdom (~705–559 BC)[edit]

Portrait	Name	Family relations	Reign	Notes
Achaemenid dynasty (~705–559 BC)
	Achaemenes		~705 BC	First ruler of the Achaemenid kingdom
	Teispes	Son of Achaemenes	~640 BC
	Cyrus I	Son of Teispes	~580 BC
	Cambyses I	Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II	~550 BC

Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)[edit]

Portrait	Titles	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Achaemenid dynasty (559–334/327 BC)
	The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World	Cyrus the Great	–	600 BC	Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages	559–530 BC	530 BC	King of Anshan from 559 BC. Killed in battle with Massagetes
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt^	Cambyses II	–	?	Son of Cyrus the Great	530–522 BC	522 BC	Died while in route to put down a rebellion. Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire[2]
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Bardiya	Gaumata (?)	?	Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya)	522 BC	522 BC	Killed by Persian aristocrats
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Darius the Great	–	550 BC	Son of Hystaspes	522–486 BC	486 BC	Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib Nswbty: Stutre[3]
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Xerxes I	–	519 BC	Son of Darius I	485–465 BC	465 BC	Most likely is the King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther[4]
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Artaxerxes I	Arses	?	Son of Xerxes I	465–424 BC	424 BC	Believed by some to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Xerxes II	Artaxerxes	?	Son of Artaxerxes I	424 BC	424 BC	Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	?	Sogdianus	?	Son of Artaxerxes I	424–423 BC	423 BC	Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Darius II	Ochus	?	Son of Artaxerxes I	424–404 BC	404 BC
	The Great King, King of Kings	Artaxerxes II	Arsaces	?	Son of Darius II	404–358 BC	358 BC
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Artaxerxes III	Ochus	?	Son of Artaxerxes II	358–338 BC	338 BC	Killed
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Artaxerxes IV	Arses	?	Son of Artaxerxes III	338–336 BC	336 BC	Killed
	The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt	Darius III	Artashata	380	Son of Arsames son of Ostanes son of Darius II	336–330 BC	330 BC	Killed by Artaxerxes V
	The Great King, King of Kings	Artaxerxes V	Bessus	?	Probably a descendant of Artaxerxes II	330–329 BC	329 BC	Killed by Alexander III

Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the Wars of Alexander the Great.

Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Argead dynasty (336–306 BC)
	King	Alexander the Great	356 BC	Son of Philip II of Macedonia	336–323 BCE	13 June 323 BC	King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III,One of the greatest conquerors in history,died mysteriously
	King	Philip III	c. 359 BC	Son of Philip II of Macedonia	June 323– 317 BC	317 BC	Killed by Olympias
	King	Alexander IV	Sept. 323 BC	Son of Alexander III	Sept. 323–309 BC	309 BC	King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater
	Regent	Perdiccas	?		June 323–321 BC	321 BC	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis
	Regent	Antipater	398 BC	Son of Iollas	321–319 BC	319 BC	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
	Regent	Polyperchon	394 BC	Son of Simmias	319–316 BC	303 BC	Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia.
	Regent	Cassander	c. 350	Son of Antipater	316–309 BC	297 BC	Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia.

Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)
	King	Seleucus I Nicator	–	c. 358 BC	Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus	311–281 BC	281 BC	Assumed title of “King” from 306 BC.
	King	Antiochus I Soter	–	?	Son of Seleucus I	281–261 BC	261 BC	Co-ruler from 291
	King	Antiochus II Theos	–	286 BC	Son of Antiochus I	261–246 BC	246 BC
	King	Seleucus II Callinicus	–	?	Son of Antiochus II	246–225 BC	225 BC
	King	Seleucus III Ceraunus	Alexander	c. 243 BC	Son of Seleucus II	225–223 BC	223 BC
	Great King	Antiochus III the Great	–	c. 241 BC	Son of Seleucus II	223–187 BC	187 BC
	King	Seleucus IV Philopator	–	?	Son of Antiochus III	187–175 BC	175 BC
	King	Antiochus IV Epiphanes	Mithridates	c. 215 BC	Son of Antiochus III	175–163 BC	163 BC	Killed in Elymais
	King	Antiochus V Eupator	–	c. 172 BC	Son of Antiochus IV	163–161 BC	161 BC
	King	Demetrius I Soter	–	185 BC	Son of Seleucus IV	161–150 BC	150 BC
	King	Alexander Balas	–	?	Purported son of Antiochus IV	150–146 BC	146 BC
	King	Demetrius II Nicator	–	?	Son of Demetrius I	146–139 BC	139 BC	Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
	King	Antiochus VI Dionysus	–	148 BC	Son of Alexander III.	145–142 BC	138 BC	In competition with Demetrius II.
	King	Antiochus VII Sidetes	–	?	Son of Demetrius I	139–129 BC	129 BC	Killed in battle with Phraates II

Fratarakas[edit]

The Fratarakas appear to have been Governors of the Seleucid Empire.

Name		Date	Coinage	Family Relations	Note
1	Bagadates/ Baydād (bgdt)	3rd century BC		Fratarakā dynasty – son of Baykard	Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Coin legend bgdt prtrk’ zy ‘lhy’ (“Baydād, fratarakā of the gods”) in Aramaic.
2	Ardakhshir I (rtḥštry)	mid-3rd century BC		Fratarakā dynasty	Governor of the Seleucid Empire
3	Vahbarz (whwbrz – called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40)	mid-3rd century BC		Fratarakā dynasty	Governor of the Seleucid Empire
4	Vādfradād I (wtprdt)	3rd century BC		Fratarakā dynasty – son of Vahbarz	Governor of the Seleucid Empire
5	Vadfradad II	c. 140 BC		Fratarakā dynasty	Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Transition period. Eagle emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend wtprdt [p]rtrk’ zy ‘ly’ (“Vādfradād, frataraka of the gods”).[5]
6	‘Unknown king I’ (Syknlt?)	2nd half of 2nd century BC		?	Transition period. No inscription on coinage.

Kings of Persis[edit]

Name		Date	Coinage	Family Relations	Note
7	Darayan I	2nd century BC (end)		?	Darev I and his successors were sub-kings of the Parthian Empire. Crescent emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk (𐡃‬𐡀𐡓𐡉‬‬𐡅‬ 𐡌𐡋‬𐡊‬, “King Darius”).[5]
8	Wadfradad III	1st century BC (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Coin legend wtprdt mlk (𐡅‬𐡕‬𐡐‬𐡓‬𐡃‬𐡕 𐡌‬𐡋𐡊‬, “King Vadfradad”) in Aramaic script.
9	Darev II	1st century BC		son of Vadfradad III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk brh wtprdt mlk’ (“King Darius, son of King Vadfradad”).
10	Ardakhshir II	1st century BC (2nd half)		son of Darev II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Killed by his brother Vahshir I
11	Vahšīr/ Vahshir I (Oxathres)	1st century BC (2nd half)		son of Darev II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
12	Pakor I	1st century CE (1st half)		son of Vahshir I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
13	Pakor II	1st century CE (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
14	Nambed	1st century CE (mid)		son of Ardashir II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
15	Napad	1st century CE (2nd half)		son of Nambed	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
16	‘Unknown king II’	1st century CE (end)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
17	Vadfradad IV	2nd century CE (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
18	Manchihr I	2nd century CE (1st half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
19	Ardashir III	2nd century CE (1st half)		son of Manchihr I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
20	Manchihr II	2nd century CE (mid)		son of Ardashir III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
21	‘Unknown king III’/ tentatively Pakor III[6]	2nd century CE (2nd half)		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
22	Manchihr III	2nd century CE (2nd half)		son of Manchihr II	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
23	Ardashir IV	2nd century CE (end)		son of Manchihr III	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
24	Vahshir II (Oxathres)	c. 206-210 CE		?	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. The last of Bazarangids.
25	Shapur	3rd century CE (beg.)		Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire
26	Ardashir V (Sasanian Dynasty Ardashir I)	3rd century CE (beg.)		First Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I	Sub-king of the Parthian Empire

Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 228)

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – 228 AD)
	King, Karen, Autocrator	Arsaces I	Tiridates I or Arsaces	?	Son of Phriapites descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II	247–211 BC	211 BC
	?	Arsaces II	Artabanus I or Arsaces	?	Son of Arsaces I	211–185 BC[7]	185 BC
	?	Arsaces III	Phriapatius	?	Grandson of Tiridates I	185–170 BC[7]	170 BC
	?	Arsaces IV	Phraates I	?	Son of Phriapatius	170–167 BC[8]	167 BC
	The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene	Arsaces V	Mithridates I	?	Son of Phriapatius	167[8] –132 BC[9]	132 BC
	The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros	Arsaces VI	Phraates II	?	Son of Mithridates I	132–127 BC[9]	127 BC	Killed in battle with Scythians
	King	Arsaces VII	Artabanus II	?	Son of Phriapatius	127–126 BC[9]	126 BC	Killed in battle with Tocharians
	The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes	Arsaces VIII	Vologases(?)[9]	?	Son of Phriapatius	126–122 BC[9]	122 BC	He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia
	The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces IX	Artabanus(?)[9]	?	Son of Artabanus II	122–121 BC	121 BC	Killed in battle with Medians
	The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter	Arsaces X	Mithridates II	?	Son of Artabanus II	121[10]–91 BC	91 BC
	The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator	Arsaces XI	Gotarzes I	?	Son of Mithridates II	91–87 BC	87 BC
	The Great King, Theopator, Nicator	Arsaces XII	Artabanus(?)[8]	?	Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)	91–77? BC	77? BC
	The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes	Arsaces XIII	Mithridates[9]	?	Probably son of Mithridates II	88–67 BC	67 BC
	The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XIV	Orodes I	?	Probably son of Mithridates II	80–75 BC	75 BC
	The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XV	Sanatruces	157 BC	Probably son of Arsaces VIII Vologases(?)[8]	77–70 BC	70 BC
	The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes	Arsaces XVI[8]	Arsaces(?) or Vardanes(?) or Vonones(?)	?	?	77–66 BC	66 BC	The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known.
	The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XVII	Phraates III	?	Son of Sanatruces	70–57 BC	57 BC	Killed by Orodes II
	The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XVIII[8]	?	?	probably son of Arsaces XVI	66–63 BC	63 BC	The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known.
	The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene	Arsaces XIX	Mithridates III	?	Son of Phraates III	65[8] –54 BC	54 BC	Killed by Orodes II
	King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes	Arsaces XX	Orodes II	?	Son of Phraates III	57–38 BC	38 BC	Killed by Phraates IV
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXI	Pacorus I	?	Son of Orodes II	50–38 BC	38 BC	Killed in battle with Romans
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXII	Phraates IV	?	Son of Orodes II	38–2 BC	2 BC	Killed by Musa
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos	Arsaces XXIII	Tiridates II	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	30–25 BC	after 23 BC	Deposed and went to Rome
	?	Arsaces XXIV	Mithridates[11]	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	12–9 BC	?
	Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania	Musa	Musa	?	Queen of Phraates IV	2 BC – 4 CE	4? CE
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXV	Phraates V	?	Son of Phraates IV & Musa	2 BC – 4 CE	4 CE	Deposed and went to Rome
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXVI	Orodes III	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	4–6	6	Killed by Parthian aristocrats
	The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus	Arsaces XXVII	Vonones I	?	Son of Phraates IV	8–12	19	Deposed and went to Rome. Later, he was killed by Romans.
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXVIII	Artabanus III	?	Probably a descendant of Arsaces XIII Mithridates	10–40	40
	?	Arsaces XXIX	Tiridates III	?	Probably a descendant of Tiridates II	35–36	?	Deposed and went to Rome
	?	Arsaces XXX	Cinnamus	?	Son of Artabanus III	37	?	Abdicated
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXI	Gotarzes II	11	Son of Artabanus III	40–51	51
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXII	Vardanes I	?	Son of Artabanus III	40–46	46	Killed by Gotarzes II
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXIII	Vonones II	?	Probably son of Artabanus III	c. 45–51	51
	?	Arsaces XXXIV	Mithridates[12]	?	Son of Vonones I	49–50	?	Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord	Arsaces XXXV	Vologases I	?	Son of Vonones II	51–77	77
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXVI	Vardanes II	?	Son of Vologases I	55–58	?	Deposed
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXVII	Vologases II	?	Probably the eldest son of Vologases I	77–89/90	?
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXVIII	Pacorus II	?	Probably the younger son of Vologases I	77–115	115
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XXXIX	Artabanus IV	?	Probably son of Vologases I or Artabanus III	80–81	?
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XL	Osroes I	?	brother of Pacorus II	89/90–130	130
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLI	Vologases III	?	Probably son of Sanatruces I king of Armenia 89–109 who was brother of Osroes I	105–148	148	He was also king of Armenia as Vologases I
	King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLII	Parthamaspates	?	Son of Osroes I	116–117	after 123	Deposed and went to Rome
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLIII	Mithridates IV	?	Probably son of Osroes I	c. 130 – c. 145	c. 145
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLIV[13]	?	?	?	c. 140 – c. 140	c. 140
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLV	Vologases IV	?	Son of Mithridates IV	148–191	191
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLVI	Vologases V	?	Son of Vologases IV	191–208	208
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLVII	Osroes II	?	Probably son of Vologases IV	c. 190 – c. 195	?
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLVIII	Vologases VI	181	Son of Vologases V	208–228	228	Killed by Ardashir I
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces XLIX	Artabanus V	?	Son of Vologases V	213–226	226	Killed by Ardashir I
	King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene	Arsaces L	Tiridates IV[14]	?	Son of Vologases IV	217–222	?	He was also king of Armenia

Sasanian Empire (224–651)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah[15]	Ardashir I	–	180	Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan	28 April 224 – February 242	February 242
	Shahanshah	Shapur I	–	215	Son of Ardashir I	12 April 240 – May 270	May 270
	Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah[16]	Hormizd I	Hormozd-Ardashir	?	Son of Shapur I	May 270 – June 271	June 271
	Shahanshah, Gilanshah	Bahram I	–	?	Son of Shapur I	June 271 – September 274	September 274
	Shahanshah	Bahram II	–	?	Son of Bahram I	September 274 – 293	293
	Shahanshah, Sakanshah	Bahram III	–	?	Son of Bahram II	293	293	Deposed
	Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah	Narseh I	–	?	Son of Shapur I	293–302	302
	Shahanshah	Hormizd II	–	?	Son of Narseh I	302–309	309	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Adhur Narseh	–	?	Son of Hormizd II	309	309	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf[17]	Shapur II	–	309	Son of Hormizd II	309–379	379
	Shahanshah	Ardashir II	–	309/310	Son of Hormizd II	379–383	383
	Shahanshah	Shapur III	–	?	Son of Shapur II	383 – December 388	December 388	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah, Kirmanshah	Bahram IV	–	?	Son of Shapur II	December 388 – 399	399
	Shahanshah	Yazdegerd I	–	363	Son of Shapur III	399 – 21 January 420	21 January 420	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Bahram V	–	406	Son of Yazdegerd I	21 January 420 – 20 June 438	20 June 438
	Shahanshah	Yazdegerd II	–	?	Son of Bahram V	20 June 438 – 15 December 457	15 December 457
	Shahanshah	Hormizd III	–	399	Son of Yazdegerd II	457–459	459	Killed by Peroz I
	Shahanshah	Peroz I	–	459	Son of Yazdegerd II	459 – January 484	January 484	Killed in battle with Hephthalites
	Shahanshah	Balash	–	?	Son of Yazdegerd II	February 484 – 488	488
	Shahanshah	Kavadh I	–	449	Son of Peroz I	488–496	13 September 531	Deposed
	Shahanshah	Djamasp	–	?	Son of Peroz I	496–498	502	Deposed
	Shahanshah	Kavadh I	–	449	Son of Peroz I	498 – 13 September 531	13 September 531
	Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just	Khosrau I	–	500	Son of Kavadh I	13 September 531 – 31 January 579	31 January 579
	Shahanshah	Hormizd IV	–	540	Son of Khosrau I	31 January 579 – 5 September 590	5 September 590	Killed by Vistahm
	Shahanshah, Aparviz	Khosrau II	–	570	Son of Hormizd IV	September 590 – September 590	28 February 628	Deposed and went to Byzantine territory
House of Mihran
	Shahanshah, Chubineh	Bahram VI	Mehrbandak	?	Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran	September – 590 January 591	591	Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah, Aparviz	Khosrau II	–	570	Son of Hormizd IV	January 591 – 25 February 628	28 February 628	Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II
House of Ispahbudhan
	Shahanshah	Vistahm	–	?	Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI	591 – 596 or 600	596 or 600	Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah	Kavadh II	Shiruyah	?	Son of Khosrau II	25 February 628 – 15 September 628	15 September 628	Died from plague
	Shahanshah	Ardashir III	–	621	Son of Kavadh II	15 September 628 – 27 April 629	27 April 629	Killed by Shahrbaraz
House of Mihran
	Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz	Shahrbaraz	–	?	Sasanian general from the House of Mihran	27 April 629 – 17 June 629	17 June 629	Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah	Khosrau III	–	?	Nephew of Khosrau II	630	630	Killed after a few days reign
	Shahbanu[18]	Borandukht	–	590	Daughter of Khosrau II	17 June 629 – 16 June 630 (First reign)631 – 632 (Second reign)	632	Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i ShahrvarazRestored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow
	Shahanshah	Shapur-i Shahrvaraz	–	?	Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II	630	?	Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht
	Shahanshah	Peroz II	Gushnasp-Bandeh	?	Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I.	630	630	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahbanu	Azarmidokht	–	?	Daughter of Khosrau II	630–631	631	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Khosrau IV	Khurrazadh	?	Son of Khosrau II	631	631	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
House of Ispahbudhan
	Shahanshah	Farrokh Hormizd	–	?	Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm	630–631	631	Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht
House of Sasan
	Shahanshah	Hormizd VI	–	?	Grandson of Khosrau II	630–631	631	Killed by Iranian aristocrats
	Shahanshah	Yazdegerd III	–	624	Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II	16 June 632–651	651	Killed by a miller

Note: Classical Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Sasanian Empire as a result of the Muslim conquest of Persia.

Dabuyid Kingdom (642–760)[edit]

A Zoroastrian Persian dynasty that held power in the north for over a century before finally falling to the Abbasid Caliphate.

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
	Ispahbadh	Gil Gavbara	?	Son of Piruz	642–660	660
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Dabuya	?	Son of Gil Gavbara	660–676	676
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Farrukhan the Great	?	Son of Dabuya	712–728	728
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Dadhburzmihr	?	Son of Farrukhan the Great	728–740/741	740/741
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Farrukhan the Little	?	Son of Farrukhan the Great	740/741–747/48	747/48	Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
	Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah	Khurshid	734	Son of Dadhburzmihr	740/741–760	761	Committed suicide

Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)

Portrait	Title	Name	Kunya	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Al Farooq, Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Umar	Abu Hafs	583	Son of Khattab ibn Nufayl.	642–644	644	Umar became Caliph in 634 and his forces conquered Persia in 642. Killed by Abu Lu’lu’a Firuz
	Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Uthman	Abu Amr	579	Son of Affan, of the Umayyad clan.	644–656	656	Killed by Rebels
	Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin, Great Imam, Maula Ali	Ali	Abul-Hasan	598	Son of Abu Talib, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad.	656–661	661	Killed by Kharijites
	Al-Mujtaba Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Hasan	Abu Muhammad	624	Son of caliph Ali, of the Hashemite clan. Grandson of Muhammad.	661–661	670	Abdicated after six or seven months to Muawiya

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)[edit]

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait/Coin	Title	Name	Kunya	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Muawiyah I	Abu Abdallah	?	Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad	661–680	680	Reigned until his death
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Yazid I	Abu Khalid	?	Son of Muawiyah I	680–683	683	Reigned until his death
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Muawiya II	Abu Abd ur-Rahman	?	Son of Yazid I	683–684	?	Reigned until his death
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Marwan I	Abu Abd al-Malik	?	Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I	684–685	685	Reigned until his death
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Abd al-Malik	Abu’l-Walid	?	Son of Marwan I	685–705	705	Reigned until his death
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Walid I	Abu’l-Abbas	?	Son of Abd al-Malik	705–715	715	Reigned until his death, built Mosque and great patron of Art.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik	Abu Ayyub	?	Son of Abd al-Malik	715–717	717	Reigned until his death in 717
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Umar II	Abu Hafṣ	?	Son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik	717–720	720	Reigned until his death, died of food poisoning.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Yazid II	Abu Khalid	?	Son of Abd al-Malik	720–724	724	Reigned until his death in 724
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Hisham	Abu’l-Walid	?	Son of Abd al-Malik	724–743	743	Reigned until his death, built many schools and mosques in his Empire.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Walid II	Abu’l-Abbas	?	Son of Yazid II	743–744	744	Reigned until his death (Assassinated)
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Yazid III	Abu Khalid	?	Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III	744–744	744	Reigned until his death (Brain tumour)
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Ibrahim ibn al-Walid	Abu Ishaq	?	Son of Al-Walid I	744–744	744	Abdicated for Marwan II
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Marwan II	Abu Abd al-Malik	?	Son of Muhammad ibn Marwan and Paternal cousin of Caliph Hisham.	744–750	750	Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah

Abbasid Caliphate (750–946)[edit]

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait/Coin	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	As-Saffah	Abu’l-Abbas Abdallah	721	Son of Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah who was Muhammad‘s paternal uncle	750–754	754	Reigned until his death (Smallpox)
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mansur	Abu Ja’far Abdallah	714	Brother of As-Saffah	754–775	775	Reigned until his death, one of the famous Arab caliph.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mahdi	Abu Abdallah Muhammad	744/745	Son of Al-Mansur	775–785	785	Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Hadi	Abu Muhammad Musa	764	Son of Al-Mahdi	785–786	786	Reigned until his death in 786
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Harun al-Rashid	Abu Ja’far Harun	763/766	Son of Al-Mahdi	786–809	809	Reigned until his death, the most famous Abbasid caliph
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Amin	Abu Musa Muhammad	787	Son of Harun al-Rashid	809–813	813	Dethroned and Killed by al-Ma’mun
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Ma’mun	Abu’l-Abbas Abdallah	786	Son of Harun al-Rashid	813–833	833	Reigned until his death, famous Abbasid caliph
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mu’tasim	Abu Ishaq Muhammad	795	Son of Harun al-Rashid	833–842	842	Reigned until his death, Military Abbasid caliph.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Wathiq	Abu Ja’far Harun	816	Son of Al-Mu’tasim	842–847	847	Reigned until his death, he continued his father’s policies.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mutawakkil	Abu’l-Fadl Ja’far	821	Son of Al-Mu’tasim	847–861	861	Reigned until his death, assassinated by his guards with support of his son Al-Muntasir. Al-Mutawakkil was the first Abbasid caliph, who was Assassinated.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Muntasir	Abu Ja’far Muhammad	837	Son of Al-Mutawakkil	861–862	862	Reigned until his death, succeeded by his cousin.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Musta’in	Abu’l-Abbas Ahmad	836	Son of Muhammad ibn al-Mu’tasim and Nephew of Al-Mutawakkil	862–866	866	Reigned during Anarchy at Samarra, Forced to Abdicate and later killed on the order of his cousin Al-Mu’tazz
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mu’tazz	Abu Abdallah Zubayr	847	Son of Al-Mutawakkil	866–869	869	Reigned during Anarchy at Samarra, Deposed and later killed
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Muhtadi	Abu Ishaq Muhammad	?	Son of Al-Wathiq	869–870	870	Reigned during Anarchy at Samarra, Dethroned and Killed
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mu’tamid	Abu’l-Abbas Ahmad	844	Son of Al-Mutawakkil	870–892	892	Reigned until his death, succeeded by his Nephew
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mu’tadid	Abu’l-Abbas Ahmad	854/861	Son of prince al-Muwaffaq and Nephew of Al-Mu’tamid	892–902	902	Reigned until his death
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Muktafi	Abu Muhammad Ali	877/878	Son of Al-Mu’tadid	902–908	908	Reigned until his death
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Muqtadir	Abu’l-Fadl Ja’far	895	Son of Al-Mu’tadid	908–929and 929–932	929	Briefly deposed for two days, Reigned until his assassination.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Qahir	Abu Mansur Muhammad	899	Son of Al-Mu’tadid	929and 932–934	929	Forced to resign the throne in the face of public protest, later deposed and blinded.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Radi	Abu’l-Abbas Muhammad	907	Son of Al-Muqtadir	934–940	940	Reigned until his death, De facto power in the hands of Ibn Ra’iq 936-938.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Muttaqi	Abu Ishaq Ibrahim	908	Son of Al-Muqtadir	940–944	944	De facto power in the hands of Bajkam 940-941, Ibn Ra’iq 941-942, Nasir al-Dawla 942-943 & Tuzun 943-944, who deposed and blinded him.
	Caliph, Amir al-Mu’minin	Al-Mustakfi	Abu’l-Qasim Abdallah	905	Son of Al-Muktafi	944–946	946	De facto power in the hands of Tuzun 944-945 & Abu Jafar 945-946. Deposed and blinded by Mu’izz al-Dawla

Samanid Empire (819–999)[edit]

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Samanid dynasty (819–999)
		Ahmad ibn Assad	?	?		819–864/865	864/5
		Nasr I	?	?		864/865–892	892
	Adel	Ismail Samani’’’	?	?		892–907	907
	Shaheed	Ahmad Samani	?	?		907–914	914
	Saeed	Nasr II	?	?		914–942	943
	Hamid	Nuh I	?	?		942–954	954
	Rashid	‘Abd al-Malik I	?	?		954–961	961
	Mo’ayyed	Mansur I	?	?		961–976	976
	Radhi	Nuh II	?	?		976–996	997
	Abol Hareth	Mansur II	?	?		996–999	999
	Abol Favares	‘Abd al-Malik II	?	?		999	999
	Montaser	Isma’il Muntasir	?	?		1000–1005	1005

Saffarid Kingdom (861–1003)[edit]

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait	Title	Name	Kunya	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Note
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
	Emir	Ya’qub ibn al-layth al-Saffar	–	840	Son of al-Layth	861–879	879	Died of sickness
	Emir	Amr ibn al-Layth	–	?	Son of al-Layth	879–901	902	Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad
	Emir	Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr	Abu’l-Hasan	?	Son of Muhammad, son of Amr	901–908	?	Imprisoned in Baghdad
	Emir	Al-Layth	–	?	Son of Ali, son of al-Layth	909–910	928	Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928
	Emir	Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth	–	?	Son of Ali, son of al-Layth	910–911	?	Imprisoned in Baghdad
	Emir	Amr	Abu Hafs	902	Son of Ya’qub	912–913	?	Overthrown by the Samanids
	Emir	Ahmad Ja’far Ahmad ibn Muhammad	Abu Ja’far	21 June 906	Son of Muhammad, son of Amr	923–963	31 March 963	Killed by Abu’l-‘Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman
	Emir	Khalaf ibn Ahmad	Abu Ahmad	November 937	Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad	963–1003	March 1009	Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, died in exile in 1009

Ghurid Kingdom (879–1215)

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Note
Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)
	Malik	Amir Suri	?	Father of Muhammad ibn Suri[19]	?–?	?	was the first Malik of the Ghurid dynasty
	Malik	Muhammad ibn Suri	?	Son of Amir Suri	?–1011	1011	Poisoned himself
	Malik	Abu Ali ibn Muhammad	?	Son of Muhammad ibn Suri	1011–1035	1035	Overthrown and killed by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith
	Malik	Abbas ibn Shith	?		1035–1060	1060	Deposed and killed by the Ghaznavids, replaced by his son Muhammad ibn Abbas
	Malik	Muhammad ibn Abbas	?	Son of Abbas ibn Shith	1060–1080	1080
	Malik	Qutb al-din Hasan	?	Son of Muhammad ibn Abbas	1080–1100	1100
	Malik	Izz al-Din Husayn	?	Son of Qutb al-din Hasan	1100–1146	1146
	Malik	Sayf al-Din Suri	?	Son of Izz al-Din Husayn	1146–1149	1149
	Malik	Baha al-Din Sam I	?	Son of Izz al-Din Husayn	1149	1149
	Malik	Ala al-Din Husayn	?	Son of Izz al-Din Husayn	1149–1161	1161
	Malik	Sayf al-Din Muhammad	?	Son of Ala al-Din Husayn	1161–1163	1163
	Sultan	Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad	1139	Son of Baha al-Din Sam I	1163–1202	1202
	Sultan	Mu’izz al-Din	1149	Son of Baha al-Din Sam I	1173–1206	1206
	Sultan	Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud	?	Son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad	1206–1212	1212
	Sultan	Baha al-Din Sam III	?	Son of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud	1212–1213	1213
	Sultan	Ala al-Din Atsiz	1159	Son of Ala al-Din Husayn	1213–1214	1214
	Sultan	Ala al-Din Ali	?	Son of Shuja al-Din Muhammad	1214–1215	1215

Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)[edit]

The Buyid Kingdom was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara and Shahanshah.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Note
Buyids of Fars (933–1062)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Imad al-Dawla	Abu’l-Hasan Ali	891	Son of Buya	934–949	949	Also Senior Buyid Emir (934-949)
	Emir, Shahanshah	Adud al-Dawla	Fanna Khusraw	936	Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla	949–983	983	Senior Buyid Emir (976-983) and Emir of Iraq (978-983)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Sharaf al-Dawla	Abu’l-Fawaris Shirdil	962	Son of Adud al-Dawla	983–989	989	Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987-989)
	Emir, King	Samsam al-Dawla	Abu Kalijar Marzuban	964	son of Adud al-Dawla	989–998	998	Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986)
	Emir, King, Shahanshah	Baha’ al-Dawla	Abu Nasr Firuz	971	Son of Adud al-Dawla	998–1012	1012	Also Emir of Iraq (988-1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012)
	Emir	Sultan al-Dawla	Abu Shuja	992	Son of Baha’ al-Dawla	1012–1024	1024	Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021)
	Emir, Shahanshah	Abu Kalijar	Marzuban	1011	Son of Sultan al-Dawla	1024–1048	1048	Also Emir of Kerman (1028-1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044-1048)
	Emir	Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun		?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1048–1054	1062	Lost Fars to Abu Sa’d Khusrau Shah
	Emir	Abu Sa’d Khusrau Shah		?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1051–1054	?	Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
	Emir	Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun		?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1054–1062	1062	Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan (935–1038)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Rukn al-Dawla	Abu Ali Hasan	898	Son of Buya	935–976	976	Also Senior Buyid Emir (949-976)
	Emir	Fakhr al-Dawla	Abu’l-Hasan Ali	952	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	976–980and 983–997	980	Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984-997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991-997)
	Emir	Mu’ayyad al-Dawla	Abu Mansur	941	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	976–983	983	Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983)
	Emir	Majd al-Dawla	Abu Taleb Rostam	993	Son of Fakhr al-Dawla	997–1029	1029	Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
	Emir	Shams al-Dawla	Abu Taher	?	Son of Fakhr al-Dawla	997–1021	1021	Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
	Emir	Sama’ al-Dawla	Abu’l-Hasan Ali	?	Son of Shams al-Dawla	1021–1023	1023	Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan (945–1055)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Mu’izz al-Dawla	Abu’l-Husayn Ahmad	915	Son of Buya	945–966	966
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Izz al-Dawla	Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar	943	Son of Mu’izz al-Dawla	966–979	979	Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976-978)
	Emir, Shahanshah	Adud al-Dawla	Fanna Khusraw	937	Son of Rukn al-Dawla	977–983	983	Also Emir of Fars (949-983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976-983)
	Emir, King	Samsam al-Dawla	Abu Kalijar Marzban	964	Son of Adud al-Dawla	983–987	998	Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989-998)
	Emir, Amir al-umara	Sharaf al-Dawla	Abu’l-Fawaris Shirdil	962	Son of Adud al-Dawla	987–989	989	Also Emir of Fars (983-989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987-989)
	Emir	Baha’ al-Dawla	Abu Nasr Firuz	970	Son of Adud al-Dawla	989–1012	1012	Also Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012) and Emir of Fars (999-1012)
	Emir	Sultan al-Dawla	Abu Shuja	992	Son of Baha’ al-Dawla	1012–1021	1024	Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021) and Emir of Fars (1012-1024)
	Emir, Shahanshah, King	Musharrif al-Dawla	Abu ‘Ali	1002	Son of Baha’ al-Dawla	1021–1025	1025	Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024-1025)
	Emir	Jalal al-Dawla	Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla	994	Son of Baha’ al-Dawla	1027–1043	1043
	Emir, Shahanshah	Abu Kalijar	Marzuban	1011	Son of Sultan al-Dawla	1043–1048	1048	Also Emir of Fars (1024-1048), Emir of Kerman (1028-1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048)
	Emir	Al-Malik al-Rahim	Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz	?	Son of Abu Kalijar	1048–1055	1058	Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051-1055). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs

Ziyarid Kingdom (928–1043)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043)
	Abolhajjaj, Emir	Mardavij		?	son of Ziyar	928–934	934
	Abutaher	Voshmgir		?	son of Ziyar	934–967	967
	Zahir od-Dowleh	Bisotoon		?	son of Voshmgir	967–976	976
	Shams ol-Ma’ali, Abolhasan	Qabus		?	son of Voshmgir	976–1012	1012
	Falak ol-Ma’ali	Manuchehr		?	son of Qabus	1012–1031	1031
	Sharaf ol-Ma’ali	Anushiravan		?	son of Manuchehr	1031–1043	1043
	Onsor ol-Ma’ali	Keikavus		?	son of Eskandar son of Qabus	?	?
		Gilanshah		?	son of Keykavous	?	?

Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Seljuqs (1029–1191)
	Beg, Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Toğrül I Abu Talib Mohammad	995	Son of Mikha’il son of Seljuq	1029–1063	1063	Reigned until his death
	Shahanshah, Sultan	ʿAdud ad-Dawla	Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad	1039	Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I	1063–1072	1072	Reigned until his death
	Sultan	Jalal ad-Dawla wa’d-Din	Malik Shah I Abu’l-Fath Hasan	1055	Son of Alp Arslan	1072–1092	1092	Killed by Assassins
	Sultan	Nasir ad-Dawla wa’d-Din	Abu’l-Qasim Mahmud I	1086	Son of Malik Shah I	1092–1094	1094	Reigned until his death, Child ruler
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Abu’l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq	1080	Son of Malik Shah I	1094–1105	1105
	Sultan	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar	1082	Son of Malik Shah I	1105–1118	1118
	Sultan	Muglith ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Mahmud II	1104	Son of Muhammad I	1118–1131	1131	Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him.
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Abu Talib Toghrul II	1109	Son of Muhammad I	1132–1134	1134	Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar
	Sultan	As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa’d-Dīn	Abu’l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar	1087	Son of Malik Shah I	1097–1157	1157	Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq.
	Sultan	Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa’d-Din	Abu’l-Fath Mas’ud	1109	Son of Muhammad I	1134–1152	1152	Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him.
	Sultan	Mugith ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Malik Shah III	1128	Son of Mahmud II	1152–1153and 1160	1153	Deposed by Khass BeyRegained throne but then deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days.
	Sultan	Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Abu Shuja Muhammad II	1128	Son of Mahmud II	1153–1160	1160	Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153-1155)
	Sultan	Mu’izz ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Abu’l-Harith Sulayman Shah	1118	Son of Muhammad I	1153–1155and 1160–1161	1162	Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad IIDeposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Arslan	1134	Son of Toghrul II	1161–1176	1176	De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160-1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174-1176)
	Sultan	Rukn ad-Dunya wa’d-Din	Abu Talib Toghrul III	?	Son of Arslan	1176–1194	1194	De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176-1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186-1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish
	Sultan		Sanjar II	?	Son of Sulayman Shah	1189–1191	1191	De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189-1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Eldiguzids (1191)
	Sultan		Qizil Arslan	?	Son of Ildeniz	1191	1191	Held de facto power (1186-1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation.

Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)[edit]

An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Islamic dynasties of Iran

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family Relations	Reign	Death	Note
Khwarazmian dynasty (1153–1220)
	Sultan	Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Atsiz	1097/1105	son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm	1153–1156	1156	Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127
	Sultan	Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath	Il-Arslan	?	son of Atsiz	1156–1172	1172
	Sultan	Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Tekish	?	son of Il-Arslan	1172–1200	1200	With opposition from Sultan shah
	Shah	Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath	Muhammad Sanjar	?	son of Tekish	1200–1220	1220	Eliminated by the Mongols
	Sultan	Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar	Mingburnu	?	son of Muhammad	1220–1231	1231	Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors

Mongol Empire (1220–1256)[edit]

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Khan	Genghis	Temujin	1162	Son of Yesugei Baghatur	1220–1227	1227	Ruling in Mongolia from 1206
	Khan		Tolui	1192	Son of Genghis	25 August 1227 – 13 September 1229	13 September 1229	Regent
	Khan		Ögedei	c. 1186	Son of Genghis	13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241	1232
	Khatun		Töregene	?	Wife of Ögedei	1242 – March 1246	?	Regent
	Khan		Güyük	c. 1206	Son of Ögedei and Töregene	1246–1248	1248
	Khatun		Oghul Qaimish	?	Wife of Güyük	1248–1251	1251	Regent
	Khan		Möngke	10 January 1209	Son of Tolui	1 July 1251 – 11 August 1259	11 August 1259

Ilkhanate and successor kingdoms (1256–1501)[edit]

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

• Muslim dynasties of Iran

Ilkhanate (1256–1357)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Throne name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Khan, Ilkhan		Hulagu	c. 1217	Son of Tolui	1256 – 8 February 1265	8 February 1265
	Khan, Ilkhan		Abaqa	1234	Son of Hulagu	1265 – 1 April 1282	1 April 1282
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Ahmad	Nicholas Tekuder	?	Son of Hulagu	1282–1284	1284	Killed by Arghun
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Arghun	c. 1258	Son of Abaqa	1284 – 7 March 1291	7 March 1291
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Gaykhatu	?	Son of Abaqa	1291–1295	1295	Killed by general Taghachar
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Baydu	?	Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu	1295	1295	Executed by Ghazan
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Mahmud	Ghazan	5 November 1271	Son of Arghun	1295–1304	1304
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	Muhammad Khodabandeh	Öljaitü	1280	Son of Arghun	1304 – 16 December 1316	16 December 1316
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Abu Sa’id	Ala’ ad-Din Bahadur	2 June 1305	Son of Öljaitü	1316 – 1 December 1335	1 December 1335
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Arpa Ke’un	Mu’izz ad-Din Mahmud	?	Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui	1335 – 10 April 1336	10 April 1336	Killed in battle by Ali Padshah
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan	Nasir ad-Din	Musa	?	Son of Ali son of Baydu	12 April 1336 – 1337	1337	Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Togha Temür	?	Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur	1335–1353	1353	In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	Muzaffar ad-Din	Muhammad	?	Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu	1336–1338	1338	Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek
	Khatun		Sati beg	c. 1300	Daughter of Öljaitü	1338–1339	After 1345	Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her.
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan,	Izz ad-Din	Jahan Temür	?	Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu	1339–1340	?	Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür.
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Suleiman	?	Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu	May 1339 – 1345	?	Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death.
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Anushirwan	?	?	1344–1356	?	Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Luqman	?	Son of Togha Temür	1353–1388	?	Puppet of Timur
	Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan		Ghazan II	?	?	1356–1357	?	Puppet of Malek Ashraf

Sarbadars (1332–1386)

 

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Amir	Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah	?		1337–1338	1338	Revolted against Togha Temür, stabbed to death by his brother
	Amir	Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah	?	brother of Abd al-Razzaq	1338–1344	1344	Captured by the Paduspanids and executed.
	Amir	Muhammad Aytimur (1343–1346)	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1344–1346	1346	Overthrown and executed
	Amir	Kulu Isfendiyar	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1346–c. 1347	c. 1347
	Amir	Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah	?	brother of Abd al-Razzaq	c. 1347	?	Forced to abdicate by successor
	Amir	Khwaja Shams al-Din ‘Ali	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1347–1351/1352	1351/1352	Assassinated by a disgruntled official
	Amir	Yahya Karawi	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1351/1352–1355/1356	1355/1356	Eliminated Togha Temür, assassinated.
	Amir	Zahir al-Din Karawi	?	Nephew of Yahya Karawi	1355/1356	1355/1356	Deposed by vizier
	Amir	Haidar Qassab	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1355/1356	1356	Assassinated by a Turkish slave
	Amir	Lutf Allah	?	Son of Wajih ad-Din Masud	1356–1357/1358 or 1361	1357/1358 or 1361	Deposed and executed by his vizier
	Amir	Hasan al-Damghani	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1357/1358 or 1361–1361/1362	1361/1362	Overthrown by Dervish rebels
	Amir	Khwaja ‘Ali-yi Mu’ayyad ibn Masud	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1361/1362–1376/1377and 1376/1377–1381	?	Restored, became vassal of Tamerlane in 1381
	Amir	Rukn ad-Din	?	Unrelated to predecessors	1376/1377	?	Installed by Dervish rebels.

Chupanids (1335–1357)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Amir	Hassan Kuchak	c. 1319	Son of Timurtash son of Chupan	16 July 1338 – 15 December 1343	15 December 1343	Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Sati Beg and Suleiman Khan.
	Amir	Yagi Basti	?	Son of Chupan	1343–1344	1344	Assassinated by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
	Amir	Surgan	c. 1320	Son of Chupan and Sati Beg	1343–1345	1345	Driven out by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
	Amir	Malek Ashraf	?	Brother of Hassan Kuchak	1343–1357	1357	Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Anushirwan. Hung by Jani Beg of the Golden Horde.
	Amir	Temürtas	?	Son of Malek Ashraf	1360	1360	Short-lived puppet of the Golden Horde.

Jalayirids (1335–1432)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Ulus Beg	Taj-ud-Din	Hasan Buzurg	?	Son-in-law of Chupan	1336–1356	1356	Ruled through Ilkhanate puppets Muhammad Khan and Jahan Temür.
	Bahadur Khan	Mu’izz-ud-dunya wa’d-Din	Shaikh Uvais	c. 1337–1374	Son of Hasan Buzurg	1356–1374	1374
	Shaikh		Hasan	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1374–1374	1374	Killed by the Amirs
	Shaikh	Jalal-ud-Din	Husain I (1374–1382)	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1374–1382	1382	Executed by his rebellious brother Ahmed
	Shaikh		Bayazid	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1382–1384	1384	In opposition to Husain and Ahmed
	Sultan	Ghiyath ud-Din	Ahmad	?	Son of Shaikh Uvais	1383–1410	1410	In exile 1393-4, 1400-2, 1403-5. Killed in battle by Qara Yusuf
	Sultan	Ala ud-Dunya	Shah Walad	?	Son of Ali, son of Uvais	1410–1411	1411
	Sultan		Mahmud	?	Son of Shah Walad	1411	1425	Under regency of Tandu Khatun
	Sultan		Uvais	?	Son of Shah Walad	1415–1421	1421
	Sultan		Muhammad	?	Son of Shah Walad	1421	1421
	Sultan		Mahmud	?	Son of Shah Walad	1421–1425	1425	Second reign
			Hussain	?	Son of Ala-ud-Dawlah, son of Ahmed	1425–1432	1432	Defeated by Kara Koyunlu

Injuids (1335–1357)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
		Sharaf ad-Din Mahmud Shah	?		1304–1335	1335	Highly autonomous master of the Ilkhanate royal estates (the injü), removed by Abu Sa’id, executed by Arpa Ke’un.
	Amir	Ghiyath ad-Din Kai-Khusrau	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1335–1338/9	1338/9
	Amir	Jalal ad-Din Mas’ud Shah	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1338–1342	1342	In opposition to Kai-Khusrau. Jalayirid partisan. Assassinated by Chupanids.
	Amir	Shams ad-Din Muhammad	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1339/40	1339/40	In opposition to Mas’ud Shah. Murdered by his Chupanid supporter.
	Amir	Shaikh Abu Ishaq	?	Son of Mahmud Shah	1343–1357	?	Defeated & executed by the Muzaffarids

Muzaffarids (1314–1393)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Emir	Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar	1301		1314–1358	1368	Founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty
	Emir	Shah Shuja	?		1358–1384	1384
	Emir	Zain al-Abidin	?		1384–1387	1387
	Emir	Shah Yahya	?		1387–1391	1391	Only ruled in Shiraz
	Emir	Shah Mansur	?		1391–1393	1393

Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal Name	Personal Name	Birth	Reign	Death	Family relations	Notes
	Bey	Qara Muhammad	Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja	?	1378–1388	1388	First Bey of Kara Koynulu
	Bey	Qara Yusuf	Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad	?	1388–1420	1420		Reign ended by Timurid invasion
	Bey	Qara Iskander	Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf	?	1420–1436	1436		Killed
	Bey	Jahan Shah	Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf	1397	1438 – 11 November 1467	11 November 1467	Son of Qara Yusuf	Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
	Bey	Hasan Ali	Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah	?	11 November 1467 – 1468	1468	Son of Jahan Shah	Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

Aq Koyunlu (1378–1497)[edit]

Sources:^[20][21]

Portrait	Title	Regnal Name	Personal Name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
	Bey	Qara Osman	Qara Yuluk (Nickname)	?		1378–1435	1435	For aiding Timur, he was given Diyarbakir in 1402
	Bey	Ali	Nur al-Din Ali ibn Qara Yülük	?	Son of Qara Osman	1435–1438	1438
	Bey	Hamza		?		1403–1435	1444
	Bey	Jahangir	M‘uizz al-Din Jahangir ibn Ali ibn Qara Yülük	?	Son of Qara Osman	1444–1453	1453
	Bey	Uzun Hassan	Uzun Hassan ibn Jahangir	?	Son of Jahangir	1453 – 6 January 1478	6 January 1478
	Bey	Khalil	Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan	?	Son of Uzun Hasan	1478–1479	1479
	Bey	Yaqub	Yaqub ibn Uzun Hasan	?	Son of Uzun Hasan	1479–1490	1490
	Bey	Baysongur	Baysongur ibn Yaqub	?	Son of Yaqub	1490–1491	1491
	Bey	Rostam	Rostam ibn Maqsud	?	Son of Maqsud	1491–1497	1497
	Bey	Ahmad Govde	Ahmad Govde ibn Muhammad	?	Son of Muhammad	1497	1497

Timurid Empire (1370–1507)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Timurid dynasty (1370–1507)
	Amir, Beg, Gurkani, Sahib Qiran, Sultan	Timur	Timur bin Taraghai Barlas, later Timur Gurkani	9 April 1336	Son of Muhammad Taraghai	1370 – 18 February 1405	18 February 1405
	Emir	Pir Muhammad	Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir	c. 1374	Grandson of Timur	18 February 1405 – 22 February 1407	22 February 1407
	Emir, Sultan, Shah	Khalil Sultan	Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah	c. 1384	Grandson of Timur	18 February 1405 – 13 May 1409	13 May 1409
	Mirza	Shah Rukh	Shah Rukh	30 August 1377	Son of Timur	18 February 1405 – 12 March 1447	12 March 1447
	Mirza, Sultan	Ulugh Beg	Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay	22 March 1394	Son of Shahrukh Mirza	12 March 1447 – 27 October 1449	27 October 1449	Deposed and murdered by his successor
Rulers in Transoxiana (1449–1469):
	Mirza, Sultan	Abdal-Latif	Padarkush	c. 1429	Son of Ulugh Beg	27 October 1449 – 9 May 1450	9 May 1450	Murdered by Amirs
	Mirza	‘Abdullah		c. 1410	Grandson of Shah Rukh	9 May 1450 – June 1451	June 1451	Deposed and executed by his successor
	Mirza	Abu Sa’id		1424	Nephew of Ulugh Beg and great-grandson of Timur	June 1451 – 17 February 1469	17 February 1469	Conquered Khurasan in 1459, realm disintegrates at his death.
Rulers in Khurasan (1449–1459, 1459–1507)
	Mirza	Abul-Qasim Babur		?	Grandson of Shah Rukh	1449–1457	1457
	Mirza	Shah Mahmud		c. 1446	Son of Babur	1457–1457	1460s	Expelled by successor
	Mirza	Ibrahim		?	Nephew of Babur	1457 – March 1459	March 1459	Died at Battle of Sarakhs
Interregnum (1459–1469)
	Mirza, Sultan	Husayn Bayqarah		June/July 1438	Great-grandson of Timur	24 March 1469 – 4 May 1506	4 May 1506
	Mirza	Badi’ al-Zaman		?	Son of Husayn	4 May 1506 – 1507	1517	Driven out by Uzbeks
Uzbeks (1507–1510)
	Khan	Shaybani Khan	Abul Fath Muhammad	c. 1451		1507 – 2 December 1510	2 December 1510	Died at the Battle of Marv

Note: Medieval Persia is generally agreed to have ended with rise of the Safavid Empire

Safavid Empire (1501–1736)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
	Shah, Sultan, Kagan-i Suleyman shan	Ismail I		1487	son of Sultan Heidar	7 November 1502 – 23 May 1524	23 May 1524
	Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Sultan bar Salatin, Kagan-i Suleyman shan	Tahmasp I		1514	son of Ismail I	23 May 1525 – 25 May 1576	25 May 1576
	Shah	Ismail II		1537	son of Tahmasp I	25 May 1576 – 24 November 1577	24 November 1577	Poisoned (?)
	Shah, Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan	Mohammad I		1532	son of Tahmasp I	25 May 1576 – 1 October 1587	1596	Deposed
	Shahanshah, Sultan, Great	Abbas I the Great[22]		1571	son of Mohammad I	1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629	19 January 1629
	Shah, Mirza	Safi	Sam Mirza	1611	son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I	19 January 1629 – 12 May 1642	12 May 1642
	Shah	Abbas II		1632	son of Safi	12 May 1642 – 26 October 1666	26 October 1666
	Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama	Suleiman I	Safi Mirza	1645	son of Abbas II	26 October 1666 – 29 July 1694	29 July 1694
	Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem	Sultan Husayn		1668	son of Suleiman I	29 July 1694 – 11 September 1722	11 September 1722	Deposed and killed by Ashraf Hotak
Afghan Rebellion
	Shah	Mahmud Hotak		1697?	son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak	23 October 1722 – 22 April 1725	22 April 1725	Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan
	Shah	Ashraf Hotak		?	cousin of Mahmud Hotak	22 April 1725 – 5 October 1729	5 October 1729	Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan
Safavid Restoration
	Shah	Tahmasp II		1704	son of Sultan Husayn	11 September 1722 – 16 April 1732	1740	Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed and killed by Nader
	Shah	Abbas III		1730	son of Tahmasp II	16 April 1732 – 22 January 1736	1739	Under control of Nader. Deposed and killed by Nader

Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Family relations	Reign	Death	Notes
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
	Shahanshah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf, Zel- ol Allah	Nader Shah	Nadhar Qoli Khan	1698	son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar	22 January 1736 – 19 June 1747	19 June 1747	Before crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed
	Shah	Adil Shah	Ali Qoli Beig	1719/20	son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader	19 June 1747 – 29 July 1748	1749	Deposed, blinded and killed by Ebrahim
	Shah	Ebrahim Afshar	Mohammd Ali Beig	1724	son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader	29 July 1748 – 3 September 1748	1749	Deposed and killed by Shahrukh Afshar
	Shah	Shahrukh Afshar		1734	son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi	3 September 1748 – 1796	1796	Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)
Brief Safavid control[23] (1749–1750)
	Shah	Suleiman II of Persia	Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi	?	Pretender to the Safavid throne	1749–1750	?	Removed and blinded
Afsharid restoration[24] (1750–1796)
	Shah	Shahrukh Afshar		1734	son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi	3 September 1748 – 1796	1796	Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)

Zand Kingdom (1751–1794)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Reign	Death	Family relations	Notes
Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
	Khan, Vakil e-Ra’aayaa	Karim Khan Zand	Mohammad Karim	1705	1751 – 6 March 1779	6 March 1779	son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
	Khan	Mohammad Ali Khan Zand		1760	6 March 1779 – 19 June 1779	19 June 1779	son of Karim
	Khan	Abol-Fath Khan Zand		1755	6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779	1787	son of Karim
	Khan	Zaki Khan Zand		?	6 March 1779 – 22 August 1779	22 August 1779	son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha
	Khan	Sadeq Khan Zand	Mohammad Sadeq	?	22 August 1779 – 14 March 1781	1782	son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
	Khan	Ali-Morad Khan Zand		1720	14 March 1781 – 11 February 1785	11 February 1785	son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh
	Khan	Jafar Khan		?	18 February 1785 – 23 January 1789	23 January 1789	son of Sadeq
	Khan	Sayed Morad Khan		?	23 January 1789 – 10 May 1789	10 May 1789	son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh
	Khan	Lotf Ali Khan		1769	23 January 1789 – 20 March 1794	20 March 1794	son of Ja’far	Deposed, blinded and killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Qajar Empire (1794–1925)[edit]

Portrait	Title	Regnal name	Personal name	Birth	Reign	Death	Family relations	Note
Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)
	Khan, Shahanshah, Khaqan	Mohammad Khan Qajar	Agha Mohammad Khan	14 March 1742	20 March 1794 – 17 June 1797	17 June 1797	son of Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar	Gelded prior to accession. Assassinated
	Shahanshah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran	Fath-Ali Shah Qajar	Baba Khan	5 September 1772	17 June 1797 – 23 October 1834	23 October 1834	son of Hosein Qoli Khan Jahansuz brother of Mohammad
	Shahanshah, Khaqan	Mohammad Shah Qajar	Mohammad Mirza	5 January 1808	23 October 1834 – 5 September 1848	5 September 1848	son of Abbas Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh son of Fath-Ali
	Shahanshah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran, Qebleye alam	Naser al-Din Shah Qajar		16 July 1831	5 September 1848 – 1 May 1896	1 May 1896	son of Mohammad and Mahd-e Olia	Assassinated at Shah-Abdol-Azim by Mirza Reza Kermani
	Shahanshah, Khaqan	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar		23 March 1853	1 May 1896 – 3 January 1907	3 January 1907	son of Naser al-Din
	Shahanshah	Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar		21 June 1872	3 January 1907 – 16 July 1909	5 April 1925	son of Mozaffar ad-Din	Deposed
	Shahanshah